Published on in Vol 5, No 2 (2022): Apr-Jun

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/35625, first published .
A Text Messaging Intervention to Support Latinx Family Caregivers of Individuals With Dementia (CuidaTEXT): Development and Usability Study

A Text Messaging Intervention to Support Latinx Family Caregivers of Individuals With Dementia (CuidaTEXT): Development and Usability Study

A Text Messaging Intervention to Support Latinx Family Caregivers of Individuals With Dementia (CuidaTEXT): Development and Usability Study

Original Paper

1Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Fairway, KS, United States

2Department of Population Health, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States

3Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States

4Alzheimer’s Association, Southland Chapter, Los Angeles, CA, United States

5Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States

6Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States

7Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, School of Nursing, University of Kansas Medical Center, Fairway, KS, United States

8UsAgainstAlzheimer’s, Washington, DC, United States

Corresponding Author:

Jaime Perales-Puchalt, MPH, PhD

Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center

School of Medicine

University of Kansas Medical Center

4350 Shawnee Mission Parkway

Fairway, KS, 66205

United States

Phone: 1 913 588 3716

Email: jperales@kumc.edu


Background: Latinx family caregivers of individuals with dementia face many barriers to caregiver support access. Interventions to alleviate these barriers are urgently needed.

Objective: This study aimed to describe the development of CuidaTEXT, a tailored SMS text messaging intervention to support Latinx family caregivers of individuals with dementia.

Methods: CuidaTEXT is informed by the stress process framework and social cognitive theory. We developed and refined CuidaTEXT using a mixed methods approach that included thematic analysis and descriptive statistics. We followed 6 user-centered design stages, namely, the selection of design principles, software vendor collaboration, evidence-based foundation, caregiver and research and clinical advisory board guidance, sketching and prototyping, and usability testing of the prototype of CuidaTEXT among 5 Latinx caregivers.

Results: CuidaTEXT is a bilingual 6-month-long SMS text messaging–based intervention tailored to caregiver needs that includes 1-3 daily automatic messages (n=244) about logistics, dementia education, self-care, social support, end of life, care of the person with dementia, behavioral symptoms, and problem-solving strategies; 783 keyword-driven text messages for further help with the aforementioned topics; live chat interaction with a coach for further help; and a 19-page reference booklet summarizing the purpose and functions of the intervention. The 5 Latinx caregivers who used the prototype of CuidaTEXT scored an average of 97 out of 100 on the System Usability Scale.

Conclusions: CuidaTEXT’s prototype demonstrated high usability among Latinx caregivers. CuidaTEXT’s feasibility is ready to be tested.

JMIR Aging 2022;5(2):e35625

doi:10.2196/35625

Keywords



Background

Family caregiving for individuals with dementia has a serious emotional, physical, and financial toll [1-8]. Most individuals with dementia live at home and are cared for by their relatives [9]. As the US health care system focuses mainly on acute care, relatives provide >80% of the long-term care for individuals with dementia [4,5]. For these reasons, caregiver support is a key component of the National Alzheimer’s Project Act [10].

Most family caregiver interventions have been designed for non-Latinx White individuals, and the results might not generalize to other groups because of linguistic, cultural, and contextual reasons [11-13]. The number of Latinx individuals with dementia is projected to increase from 379,000 in 2012 to 3.5 million by 2060, more than any other group [14]. Latinx individuals are more likely to become family caregivers than non-Latinx White individuals [15]. Latinx individuals also provide more intense and longer caregiving and experience higher levels of caregiver depression and burden [8,15-21]. However, despite their high interest in participating in caregiver support interventions [22], Latinx caregivers of individuals with dementia are less likely to use caregiver support services [23,24]. This disparity is partly due to Latinx caregivers’ more frequently experienced barriers related to transportation, financial, language, and cultural aspects compared with non-Latinx White caregivers [23,24]. Therefore, the need for targeted caregiver support interventions among Latinx individuals is crucial. This need is in line with the National Institute on Aging’s call to address health disparities in aging research [25].

SMS text messaging offers distinct advantages over websites and apps for delivering interventions [26-28]. Although nearly all Latinx individuals engage in SMS text messaging, Latinx individuals’ low use of websites and apps could perpetuate disparities in access to caregiving support [29]. Caregiver interventions for Latinx individuals need to capitalize on SMS text messaging, as SMS text messaging interventions (1) are effective in treating or preventing other health conditions such as tobacco addiction or diabetes; (2) can be used anywhere at any time; (3) are more cost-effective than other delivery systems; (4) can be personalized to caregivers’ preferences and characteristics including language, culture, and needs; (5) are highly scalable among Latinx individuals, as most own a cell phone with SMS texting capabilities, more than other groups; and (6) have been specifically shown to engage Latinx individuals [30-35].

Objectives

To address Latinx individuals’ disparities in access to caregiving support, we developed CuidaTEXT (a Spanish play on words for self-care and texting). To our knowledge, this is the first SMS text messaging intervention for caregiver support of individuals with dementia among Latinx individuals or any other ethnic group. Only one other SMS text messaging intervention exists in the context of dementia [36]. However, that intervention was designed to increase dementia literacy among non-Latinx Black users and is not geared toward Latinx individuals or caregivers specifically. The aim of this study was to describe the development of CuidaTEXT, a tailored SMS text messaging intervention to support Latinx family caregivers of individuals with dementia. This development corresponds to Stage 1a of the National Institutes of Health Stage Model for Behavioral Intervention Development (intervention generation) [37]. This intervention will later be feasibility-tested (Stage 1b) among Latinx family caregivers of 20 individuals with dementia (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04316104).


Overview

This was a mixed methods project guided by user-centered design principles [38]. The basis for user-centered design is that gathering and incorporating feedback from users into product design will lead to a more usable and acceptable product. Mixed methods are required, given the lack of literature on SMS text messaging interventions for Latinx family caregivers of individuals with dementia and the strengths of a combined qualitative and quantitative approach [39]. We followed 6 user-centered design stages informed by previous research used to develop successful behavioral intervention software [40]. The user-centered design stages are described in the next sections.

Ethics Approval

All study procedures were approved by the institutional review board of the University of Kansas Medical Center (STUDY00144478). All participants provided written informed consent.

Stage 1: Selection of Design Principles

A total of 2 design principles were specified. First, we selected the social cognitive theory as the main behavior change principle [41]. This principle has been successfully used in previous SMS text messaging interventions [30]. The social cognitive theory informs the identification of barriers to desired behaviors, setting of realistic goals, encouragement of gradual practice to achieve performance accomplishments of healthy behaviors (eg, relaxation techniques or exercising), integration of testimonials and videos to promote vicarious learning, integration of praise to elicit social persuasion, and education to increase dementia knowledge. Second, we chose the stress process framework [42] to guide the development of messages to encourage coping and social support behaviors (mediators), which are aimed at improving role strains (eg, perceived income adequacy and family interaction), intrapsychic strains (eg, mastery, self-esteem, and loss of self), and, ultimately, outcomes (eg, caregiver depression, affect, and self-perceived health).

Stage 2: Vendor Collaboration for Text Messaging Design and Delivery

This stage aimed to materialize the vision and design specifications of CuidaTEXT. We developed a checklist of necessary features to identify potential vendors, including message personalization, 2-way SMS text messaging, scheduling, conditional branching logic for SMS text message responses, information tracking, technical support, and cost. We identified 3 vendors based on our previous experiences and a basic internet search. The 3 identified vendors met all the features, and we selected the one with the most affordable cost. Their services also included configuration, account setup, initial onboarding, training guides and videos, access to the vendor system, mobile number support, and bug fixes during the intervention. We contracted with them early in the project to avoid delays (eg, developing the scope of work, registering as a vendor, contracts, and software programming).

Stage 3: Evidence-Based Foundation

This stage aimed to identify core content categories based on previous successful behavioral interventions. We searched specifically for general caregiver support interventions considered evidence-based informed by the Administration for Community Living [43], PubMed literature results using the Medical Subject Headings terms Caregivers, Dementia, and Hispanic Americans, and recommendations on behavioral interventions from the research team. Content categories included dementia education, problem-solving skills training, social network support, care management, and referral to community resources [1,26,27,44-58].

Stage 4: Advisory Board Guidance

Advisory board guidance provided expert opinion to inform the SMS text messaging intervention based on Latinx caregiver needs [22,40,59,60]. We conducted 5 parallel advisory board meetings with up to 6 Latinx caregivers and 16 clinicians and researchers (health professionals), each lasting 60 minutes. We used purposive sampling for the Latinx caregivers and quota sampling for the health professionals (including at least one person with expertise in psychiatry, social work, neurology, dementia care interventions, Latinx research, SMS text messaging intervention development, or behavioral health). We conducted the caregiver advisory board sessions in Spanish and the health professional group sessions in English. We held all sessions via videoconference from December 2020 to May 2021 and recorded each to facilitate notetaking and analysis. The process for each meeting was similar: the research team showed the groups a step-by-step explanation of the components of the study, asked specific questions pertinent to the phase of the study, and then facilitated open discussion about the project. The research team took detailed notes of all sessions, which were used for further analysis. We organized the notes for qualitative review using a pragmatic approach, a qualitative description methodology, and thematic analysis methods [61-63]. We coded the content of the notes using Microsoft Word by identifying codes and themes within the text [64]. In addition, 2 researchers (JPP and MAR) independently reviewed the codes and resolved coding disagreements through discussion and consensus.

Stage 5: Sketching and Prototyping

On the basis of the previous stages, 3 researchers (JPP, MAR, and PEK) brainstormed a pool of potential SMS text messages in English on a shared spreadsheet and later sorted the messages by topic (initial draft keywords). We edited messages following the Seven Principles of Communication: completeness, concreteness, courtesy, correctness, clarity, consideration, and conciseness [65]. This theory is popular in business communications and has been used in patient reporting [66,67]. Bilingual, bicultural members of the research team translated the messages into the primary Spanish dialects represented in the United States (Mexican and Caribbean).

In addition to the SMS text message libraries, we developed a reference booklet for participants that summarized the purpose of the intervention and its functions. The booklet is not necessary to use CuidaTEXT. However, the research team considered it to be useful for those who want to learn about the intervention faster or increase personal sense of agency. On the basis of our previous development experience with the Latinx community [22,30], we made the booklet available in both English and Spanish and used lay language and a pictorial format. A total of 7 research team members tested the SMS text messaging prototype powered by the vendor on their own cell phones from early June to August 2021 and provided feedback that was used for message refinement iteratively, as suggested by the literature [68,69]. We recorded the feedback via SMS text message responses within the vendor platform and emails from the research team to the vendor’s programmer. We organized the data (SMS text messages and emails) for qualitative review using a process identical to that described in Stage 4.

Stage 6: Usability Testing

Usability testing aimed to test a short prototype of the SMS text messaging intervention and assessments among actual Latinx caregivers. We used the vendor’s platform to preview the behavior and opinions of diverse Latinx caregivers in a variety of key scenarios (ie, reading specific messages, using keywords, sending SMS text messages, opening links to websites and videos, and downloading PDF files). The testing sessions were conducted via videoconference in June 2021, lasted approximately 90 minutes per person, and were conducted in English and Spanish based on participant preferences. We took detailed notes of the observations during the usability testing sessions and participants’ comments at the end.

Sample and Assessment

We recruited 5 individuals, as suggested by software development cost-benefit analyses [70]. In this framework, the first participant discovers most flaws, and after the fifth user, findings tend to repeat without learning much new. Participants were recruited from 3 previous projects at the research center using purposive sampling. Eligibility criteria included Spanish- or English-speaking individuals who were aged 18 years or older, identified as Latinx, reported providing care for a relative with a clinical or research dementia diagnosis, and with an Ascertain Dementia 8cognitive screening score ≥2, indicating cognitive impairment [71,72]. Participants also had to report owning a cell phone and being able to use it to read and send SMS text messages. Participants received US $20 prepaid gift cards for completing assessments. We used 3 usability evaluation modalities. First, direct observation of task completion (eg, texting keywords) with the intervention prototype via monitoring of participants’ SMS text message responses was conducted. Second, open-ended interviews of user experience with the different tasks and suggested changes to improve the intervention (see Multimedia Appendix 1 for a sample) were conducted. Third, the caregiver participants completed the System Usability Scale about their experience with the prototype [73]. The System Usability Scale is a valid and reliable 10-item, 5-point Likert scale. According to the developers of the scale, scores >68 out of 100 indicate higher levels of usability. We modified the design features iteratively after each participant and provided the new version to the following participant, as suggested by the literature [74]. After 2 consecutive participants reviewed and approved an SMS text message, the following participant received an SMS text message with different features. In addition to the usability evaluation, we administered a survey to gather baseline characteristics.

Data Analysis

We analyzed the qualitative data (detailed notes) from the open-ended interviews using a process identical to that described in Stage 4. We analyzed quantitative baseline characteristics using central tendency estimates, frequencies, and percentages on SPSS software (IBM Corp) [75].


Overview

This section focuses on Stages 4 to 6 of the user-centered design proposed in this project. First, we summarize the findings from each stage. Second, we explain how these findings informed the intervention development within each stage. Third, we describe the final version of the intervention.

Findings From Advisory Board Guidance (Stage 4)

Table 1 shows the themes, subthemes, and descriptions of the aspects to be considered in the development of CuidaTEXT, according to the advisory boards. Both Latinx caregivers and health professionals contributed to all the themes. Building on the evidence-based foundation established in Stage 3, feedback from this stage informed the sketching and prototyping of CuidaTEXT. First, the advisory board emphasized that messages should include specific content on logistics (eg, guidance on CuidaTEXT’s functions and motivation messages), social support, caregiver needs, care recipient needs, preparation for the care recipient’s death, and reminders for physician visits or medicines. This feedback informed the addition of the suggested SMS text message content. Second, advisory board members highlighted the importance of allowing the inclusion of >1 relative within the family to reduce burden and increase social support. This feedback informed the decision to enroll >1 caregiver per individual with dementia in future studies. Third, the advisory board suggested that the domains of SMS text messages sent to caregivers should alternate often and be tailored to the needs of caregivers. This feedback informed the inclusion of high-priority message content at the beginning of the intervention (eg, who to contact in case of elder abuse or suicidal thoughts and removing weapons in the home) and the frequent alternation of domains. This feedback also reinforced the need to use 2-way SMS text messaging, as originally planned. Fourth, the preferences of caregiver advisory board members varied widely with respect to the number of messages per day CuidaTEXT should send participants. A participant emphasized that they would abandon the intervention if they received >1 message per day except at the beginning, which required more messaging. Others wanted to receive 5 or more messages per day. Eventually, a consensus was reached that CuidaTEXT should tailor the number of messages to the preferences of caregivers. This feedback informed the decision to send few daily automatic messages per day to participants (generally 1). Fifth, the advisory board emphasized the need to make keyword names as simple and recognizable as possible and suggested several edits in line with this idea. This feedback informed the refinement of some keyword names. Sixth, the advisory board suggested adding diverse information regarding COVID-19. However, after some discussion, a consensus was met not to develop automatic SMS text messages for CuidaTEXT, given the rapid evolution of COVID-19 information. This feedback informed the exclusion of COVID-19 automated information into CuidaTEXT. Seventh, an advisory board member, guided by her experience, highlighted the scarce existing resources for caregivers with hearing issues and suggested that CuidaTEXT was made as hearing impairment friendly as possible. This feedback reinforced the idea of delivering the intervention via SMS text messaging. This feedback also informed the use of hearing impairment–inclusive messaging, including SMS text messaging–based contact information of all shared resources (eg, text telephone contact numbers) and video links with closed caption subtitles. Eighth, the advisory board suggested several CuidaTEXT reference booklet edits for simplification. This feedback informed the refinement of the CuidaTEXT reference booklet.

Table 1. Themes, subthemes, and descriptions of topics elicited during the advisory board sessions with Latinx caregivers and health professionals.
Themes and subthemesDescription
Messages should include specific content

LogisticsMotivate participants to be in the program

Dementia educationAddress the whole family to be all on the same page; dementia stages and variation between individuals; signs and symptoms; address stigma by normalizing dementia

Social supportCommunication with the individual with dementia; include concrete examples (eg, allowing individuals with dementia enough time to answer) and resources (eg, Alzheimer’s Association, health professionals, services in Spanish, support groups, and legal assistance); communication with the health provider (eg, expectations, what to report, encouraging clinical diagnosis, and requesting interpreters); improve family communication (eg, understanding family roles and find strengths, knowing importance of family support, and disclosing the diagnosis to the family); and develop active listening skills (eg, reflecting and nonverbal language)

Caregiver needsCope with depression, anxiety, and stress (eg, relaxation); choose one’s battles; use sense of humor; find positive aspects of caregiving; address loneliness; cope with loneliness; capitalize on spirituality; and maintain a healthy lifestyle

Care recipient needsAddress behavioral symptoms as specifically as possible; address aggressive behavior (eg, understanding the disease causing it, distraction techniques, and communication when the person is aggressive); address anxious behavior (distraction techniques and prevention); help the individual with dementia; address daily care of the individual with dementia, including healthy eating, dressing, hygiene, and doing fulfilling activities

Preparation for the care recipients’ deathInformation about what to expect at the end of the life of the individual with dementia; grieving strategies and tips

Appointments for the physician or medicineSet notifications to remind caregivers of medications or physician visits
Need to integrate other family membersMore than 1 family member should be allowed to participate, to share responsibilities, avoid burdening a caregiver by having to educate the rest, promote collective understanding about what the individual with dementia is experiencing, and reduce the isolation of the caregiving process
Messages should follow a certain orderAlternate content often (eg, educational, caregiver tips, and resources) and tailor content to caregivers’ needs
Messages should have a certain doseLimit mandatory message frequency to 1 per day (in general) and tailor frequency and timing to caregivers’ preferences
How to integrate COVID-19 into CuidaTEXTReliable education about caring during COVID-19, including what to do if infected, risks, vaccines, and vaccine locations and resources for those experiencing technological divide. As changes in COVID-19 evolve quickly, it was decided not to automate messages and send only ad hoc information as needed
Some keyword names need editingUse simple and recognizable keyword names if possible; allow platform recognition of alternative spellings and typos; and edit specific keywords: STRESS vs RELAX, GRIEF vs ENDOFLIFE or LOSS, BANO vs ORINAR, DUELO vs FINDEVIDA, PACIENTE vs SERQUERIDO
CuidaTEXT could benefit people with hearing impairmentGiven that SMS text messages are visual, this intervention can be optimized for people with hearing impairment
Reference booklet needs editingShorten booklet and include fewer and more realistic examples by including a matrix of the different keyword messages

Findings From Sketching and Prototyping (Stage 5)

Table 2 shows the themes, subthemes, and descriptions of aspects considered in the development of CuidaTEXT based on the feedback from SMS text messages from the team during the testing of the prototype and suggestions provided by the vendor’s programmer. These aspects led to several solutions. First, we allowed the platform to recognize common misspelling or alternative spellings for keywords (eg, for the keyword Behavior, the platform should also accept Behaviour, Behaviors, Behaviours, and Behavour). Second, we edited words to eliminate misspellings or replace words that required high literacy levels or specialized knowledge (eg, glutes vs rear). Third, we used a vendor-owned link shortener to save SMS text message characters, as using a third-party link shortener could lead to phone carriers identifying messages as spam and subsequently blocking them. Fourth, we added code to embed the participant’s first name in SMS text messages to personalize them. Fifth, we adjusted the time of delivery of each daily automatic SMS text message to account for participants’ time zone. Sixth, we requested that the vendor allow keyword libraries to loop back to the first SMS text message after reaching the last one on the list.

Table 2. Themes, subthemes, and descriptions of topics elicited during the sketching and prototyping stage, gathered via SMS text message responses from the team and correspondence with the SMS text messaging vendor.
Themes and subthemesDescription
Testing actions

Testing keyword responsesEnsuring the platform responded with an automatic SMS text message instantly upon sending a specific keyword

Testing live chatEnsuring the platform received SMS text messages other than keywords, intended for the coach, such as “thank you!”

Testing alternative spellings of keywordsEnsuring alternative spellings and misspellings of keywords are recognized by the platform as such

Testing links and PDF downloadsEnsuring links to websites directed to the right place and downloaded PDF files

Testing SMS text message remindersEnsuring reminders for medications or physician appointments were sent at the specified date and time

Testing other logisticsEnsuring no cross-project contamination and other features (eg, nonbusiness hours response and START keyword to enroll)
Concerns

Messages need editingAlerting the presence of misspellings in the SMS text message sent by the platform or suggesting editing the wording

Need to use a different link shortenerThe link shortener the team had used would be identified as spam by the cell phone carrier and blocked

Need to embed first names in messagesThe team wanted a function that automatically embedded the first name at the beginning of some SMS text messages

Need to tailor timing to time zoneThe team wondered how messages could be sent at specific times depending on participants’ time zone

Need keyword libraries to loopKeywords stopped sending after they reached the bottom of the library

Need to edit out of business hours timingThe response on sending a message out of business hours was not set correctly

Preference to embed links within wordsThe team wondered if links could be embedded within words that would open upon clicking on them

Findings From Usability Testing (Stage 6)

Of the 5 participating caregivers in the usability testing, 4 (80%) were women. The mean age was 44.6 (SD 6.8; range 33-50) years. All participants were insured, and their mean level of education was 15.6 (SD 2.2; range 12-18) years. All 5 participants identified as Latinx, 40% (2/5) as Native American, 20% (1/5) as White, and 40% (2/5) as >1 race. All participants were born outside of the United States, including Mexico (1/5, 20%), Central America (2/5, 40%), and South America (2/5, 40%). All but one participant completed the intervention and assessments in Spanish, and their self-perceived level of spoken English was medium (2/5, 40%), high (1/5, 20%), and very high (2/5, 40%). Participants were daughters (3/5, 60%), a son (1/5, 20%), and a granddaughter (1/5, 20%) of an individual with dementia. Their average care recipient’s age was 77.0 (SD 5.1; range 72-83) years.

In general, participants completed the surveys and texting tasks without any major issues (eg, reading specific messages, using keywords, sending SMS text messages, opening links to websites and videos, and downloading PDF files). Observations of participants’ reactions during the usability testing and comments at the end of the testing revealed some minor concerns and generally positive feedback (Table 3). We addressed the concerns in various ways. First, we replaced expressions that were hard to understand (eg, 24/7 for Spanish speakers with at any time). Second, we added context to several SMS text messages to improve understanding. For example, we explained that a caregiver forum is a web platform to share experiences with other caregivers, that the content of a PDF file of a Latin American healthy recipe book alternated pages in English and Spanish, the function of specific keywords, the keyword options using simple graphics, that keywords can be sent more than once for additional messages, and that websites and other resources had a Spanish-language option. Third, we tailored the response to the keyword STOP (discontinuing the intervention). We also tailored the notification CuidaTEXT automatically sends out when a participant texts outside of business hours by including both languages within the same message because the platform did not allow separate messages in English and Spanish.

Participants shared mostly positive feedback at the end of the interview, including the following. First, satisfaction with the intervention in terms of general content, logistics, and simplicity was high. Comments included the following: “I think the program is great,” “I love the information and the testimonials,” “The messages made me feel like I’m not alone and put things into perspective,” and “The messages are simple, and the gratitude-theme messages helped.” Second, participants expressed their gratitude to the CuidaTEXT team for developing the intervention. Comments included the following: “Thank you for creating this type of program!” Third, they expressed their need and that of the community to use this intervention. Comments included the following: “I hope we can use it soon because we need it” and “I think it’s going to be very helpful for caregivers emotionally and personally.” The mean System Usability Scale score was 97 and ranged from 90 to 100, which is above the standard cutoff of 68. These scores indicate that the intervention’s usability holds promise.

Table 3. Themes, subthemes, and descriptions of topics elicited during the pilot test with 5 Latinx caregiver participants via observation or comments.
Themes and subthemesDescription
Participants’ concerns

Expressions are hard to understandExpressions such as 24/7 or the + sign for more were hard to understand, especially for Spanish-speaking Latinx individuals

CuidaTXT is hard to read in SpanishSpanish-speaking participants had issues pronouncing the original name CuidaTXT and suggested CuidaTEXT

Context is needed for understandingSome SMS text messages required additional context or an explanation to be understood, for example, for the word forum

Branching did not workIn one instance, responding YES or NO to a specific question was not followed by a preconfigured response

Need to edit language of functionsThe response on discontinuing the program or sending a message out of business hours was only in English

Need for caregiver lifestyle messagesA participant suggested adding nutrition as a healthy lifestyle action for caregivers
Other comments from participants

Satisfaction with the interventionSatisfaction with the intervention in general, content, logistics, and simplicity

Gratitude for the interventionExpressions of gratitude for developing the intervention

Highlighting need for this interventionHighlighting the need for this intervention among Latinx individuals and themselves

Final Product

Figure 1 summarizes the final CuidaTEXT product, including an example of the 3 types of SMS text messaging interaction modalities (daily automatic, keyword-driven, and live chat messages) and the reference booklet. The final version of CuidaTEXT includes 244 English- and 244 Spanish-language messages within the daily automatic SMS text message library. These messages will be automatically sent to all participants, starting with approximately 3 messages per day for the first 2 weeks, 2 per day for the following 2 weeks, and 1 per day for the remainder of the intervention. This daily automatic SMS text message library includes logistics messages that greet the participant on starting and completing the intervention, explain the intervention functions (eg, reminding participants of the keywords they can use for help with specific topics), and reinforce participants for being in the intervention after 2 weeks initially and monthly. The remainder of the daily automatic library includes the messages that the research team and advisory board considered the core from each domain. These domains include messages for (1) dementia education, (2) caregiver self-care messages, (3) support to and from others, (4) education about the dying and grief processes, (5) generic problem-solving strategies for behavioral symptoms, (6) specific strategies to help with the daily care of individuals with dementia, and (7) specific strategies to help address or cope with the behavioral symptoms of individuals with dementia.

Figure 1. Final CuidaTEXT product: SMS text messaging interaction modalities and booklet.
View this figure

CuidaTEXT also contains messages for 2 types of keyword-driven messages, the content keywords and menu keywords. Content keywords automatically send tips, resources, or other types of content in response to SMS text messages that include a specific keyword (eg, STRESS and RESOURCES). These keywords reflect the same domains as the daily automatic SMS text message library, except that their content is not considered core but rather an in-depth expansion for those who need further support with those domains. Menu keywords simply remind the participant which content keywords are in that category. For example, texting the menu keyword CAREGIVER will drive an automatic response reminding participants that content keywords within that domain include STRESS, WELLBEING, and LIFESYLE. Table 4 shows the function and an example of each content keyword, the menu keyword they belong to, and the number of messages in each content keyword library.

Any SMS text message other than keywords sent by participants will be received as a live chat by a bilingual and culturally proficient coach trained in dementia care. The coach will be available during business hours and will assist participants in whatever their need is (eg, additional information about a caregiver grant and programming 3-way calls with a clinic). The coach will have a bachelor’s degree or higher in a behavioral health-related area, will be trained in dementia care, and will be given a list of general contacts to find local resources (eg, Alzheimer’s Association hotline and Eldercare Locator). The final version of the CuidaTEXT reference booklet includes 19 pages with nine chapters: (1) What Is Dementia, (2) Signs and Symptoms of Dementia, (3) Why Focus on Latino Caregivers, (4) CuidaTEXT (Automatic Messages), (5) Assistant, (6) Notifications, (7) Keywords, (8) Materials, and (9) Contact Information.

Table 4. Keywords and their function and size of each keyword library in number of messages (n).
Content keyword (English and Spanish)Menu keyword (English and Spanish)Function of content keywordMessages, n
EDUCATION and EDUCACIONNoneBasic dementia information: types, stages, and impact54
STRESS and CALMACAREGIVER and CUIDADORStrategies to cope with stress, such as relaxation33
WELLBEING and BIENESTARCAREGIVER and CUIDADORStrategies and tips to improve well-being, such as gratitude and cognitive restructuring30
LIFESTYLE and SALUDABLECAREGIVER and CUIDADORTips to maintain a healthy lifestyle, such as exercising21
FAMILY and FAMILIASUPPORT and APOYOTips to improve family communication19
DOCTOR and MEDICOSUPPORT and APOYOTips to improve communication with health providers15
PATIENT and PACIENTESUPPORT and APOYOTips to improve communication with the individual with dementia37
CHILDREN and NINOSSUPPORT and APOYOTips to communicate with children about dementia17
LISTENING and ESCUCHASUPPORT and APOYOStrategies to improve listening skills33
RESOURCES and RECURSOSSUPPORT and APOYOContact information of resources such as support groups, legal and financial assistance, or food delivery26
SOLVE and SOLUCIONNoneGeneral strategies to solve challenging behaviors19
GRIEF and DUELONoneEducation on end-of-life care and tips for grieving30
ACTIVITITES and ACTIVIDADESCARE and CUIDADOTips to think of fun activities and adjust them to the abilities of individual with dementia52
EATING and COMERCARE and CUIDADOTips to make eating easier and healthier for the individual with dementia36
DRESSING and VESTIRCARE and CUIDADOTips to help the individual with dementia get dressed and groomed18
BATHING and DUCHACARE and CUIDADOTips to help the individual with dementia take a bath or shower24
TOILET and BANOCARE and CUIDADOTips to manage the incontinence or constipation of the individual with dementia24
MEDICATIONS and MEDICAMENTOCARE and CUIDADOTips to improve medication adherence27
HOME and CASACARE and CUIDADOTips to keep the home safe50
DRIVE and CONDUCIRCARE and CUIDADOTips to detect when it is no longer safe for the individual with dementia to drive and how to manage it22
ANGER and ENFADOBEHAVIOR and CONDUCTATips to cope with manage the aggressive behavior of the individual with dementia31
NERVOUS and NERVIOSBEHAVIOR and CONDUCTATips to cope with manage the anxious behavior of the individuals with dementia33
DEPRESSION and TRISTEBEHAVIOR and CONDUCTATips to cope with manage the depressed mood of the individual with dementia19
DELUSIONS and DELIRIOSBEHAVIOR and CONDUCTATips to cope with manage the psychotic symptoms of the individual with dementia22
REPEAT and REPETIRBEHAVIOR and CONDUCTATips to cope with manage the repetitive behaviors of the individual with dementia20
SLEEP and DORMIRBEHAVIOR and CONDUCTATips to improve the sleep quality of the individual with dementia18
WANDER and DEAMBULARBEHAVIOR and CONDUCTATips to cope with manage the wandering behavior of the individual with dementia23
INAPPROPRIATE and INAPROPIADOBEHAVIOR and CONDUCTATips to cope with manage the inappropriate sexual behaviors of the individual with dementia18
HOARDING and ACUMULARBEHAVIOR and CONDUCTATips to cope with manage the hoarding behavior of the individual with dementia12

Principal Findings

This study aimed to describe the development of CuidaTEXT, an SMS text messaging intervention, to support Latinx family caregivers of individuals with dementia. We followed user-centered design principles to ensure the intervention’s tailoring and usability among Latinx caregivers of individuals with dementia. After a series of user-centered design stages, CuidaTEXT’s prototype showed a very high usability score, indicating great promise for the intervention’s feasibility and acceptability.

Comparison With Previous Work

To our knowledge, this is the first SMS text messaging intervention for caregiver support of individuals with dementia among Latinx individuals and any other ethnic group. Very few evidence-based and culturally tailored caregiver support interventions have been developed for Latinx individuals. These interventions include fotonovelas, webnovelas, support groups, care management, and psychoeducational programs [28,45,56,57,76]. The modality of all these interventions has been individual or group face-to-face, computer-based, telephone-based, or mail-based. CuidaTEXT has the potential to address implementation gaps in these interventions by (1) increased accessibility compared with face-to-face or web-based interventions; (2) improved acceptability compared with phone-based interventions; (3) tailoring the content to the needs of caregivers rather than using rigid curricula; (4) addressing stigma by privately sending SMS text messages to the caregivers’ cell phone; and (5) reduced demand on the health care workforce to deliver the intervention, therefore improving fidelity and facilitating future scale-up of the intervention. Although CuidaTEXT was developed for Latinx individuals, similar interventions may be beneficial for other ethnic groups, especially those in rural areas, given the nearly universal cell phone ownership of most populations in the United States [31].

The advisory board suggested SMS text message content related to dementia education, social support, care, caregiver needs, community resources, and appointment reminders. These domains are most frequently included in multidomain caregiver support interventions, which have been shown to be more efficacious than single-domain interventions [1,26]. As mentioned in a recent federally commissioned report, of all interventions to improve caregiver well-being, multicomponent interventions use the most targeted components, and they possibly address at least one critical need across a wide range of individual caregiver needs, thus improving outcomes for caregiver and individuals with dementia [77].

The advisory board encouraged the inclusion of >1 family member per individual with dementia. This idea is in line with the fact that caregiving tasks and decision-making among Latinx individuals are more likely to be shared by multiple relatives of the individuals with dementia [78,79]. In fact, interventions rarely include other family members, which is likely a reflection of centering interventions on non-Latinx White caregivers [77,80]. According to our advisory board, the potential benefits of including more >1 family member may include improving caregiving quality and reducing caregiver burden.

Limitations

This study has several limitations. First, most participants in the usability testing stage identified as the adult children of individuals with dementia, were women, were relatively highly educated, were medically insured, and had at least a medium level of English proficiency. This sample may have placed a higher focus of the refinement of the intervention on these groups than on men, spousal caregivers, and those with lower educational attainment, who lack of medical insurance, with limited English proficiency, or who may have uniquely different needs. However, most caregivers are women, and individuals from many of these other groups were represented in other stages of the development of CuidaTEXT (eg, advisory board). Second, the eligibility to participate in the caregiver advisory board sessions and the usability testing was based on self-report of the care recipient’s dementia status. In addition, we excluded individuals who could not read and send SMS text messages. Although the size of this group is minimal [31], future efforts could include this group by developing training to those without texting experience. Third, CuidaTEXT does not consider caregivers’ baseline characteristics to tailor the automated content of SMS text messages and does not tailor the timing at which SMS text messages are sent, as suggested by some advisory board participants. We consider that including keyword-driven messages addresses many of the same concerns and reduces the reliance on a baseline assessment. Any need beyond those addressed by the keyword-driven messages can also be addressed via live chat with a coach. Fourth, this study assessed the usability of the CuidaTEXT prototype. Although this prototype included the most relevant aspects of CuidaTEXT, future studies need to assess the usability of the entire intervention.

Implications and Future Directions

This study has implications for public health, clinical practice, and research. Regarding the public health implications, CuidaTEXT or similar interventions have high potential for implementation, given their ubiquitous accessibility and reliance on technology rather than on human labor. Experts in dementia caregiver interventions highlight the importance of designing interventions with implementation in mind from the beginning of the intervention for its future success [81]. The user-centered design used to develop this intervention will increase the chances of this intervention being usable, acceptable, feasible, and effective in the future. Regarding clinical practice, usability testing participants described the prototype as something that was needed by them and the Latinx community. If CuidaTEXT proves to be effective in future studies, this intervention could be easily implemented in clinics and community organizations, by having the caregivers send an SMS text message to enroll or by having staff enter their phone numbers and names on a website. The SMS text messaging modality may be combined with other modalities to enhance its effectiveness. For example, coaches or social workers could, in addition to interacting via live chat SMS text messages, conduct ad hoc visits or calls with the caregiver. Other findings from this study might also be useful to clinicians, including the need to consider shared caregiver roles within Latinx families and other preferences. The findings reported in this manuscript may also inform future research. Future SMS text messaging studies (whether they are dementia-related or not) might decide to address the content or logistics of their interventions based on the feedback we received from the advisory board sessions or usability testing feedback. Caregiver studies might want to test the efficacy of the same caregiver support intervention to only the primary caregiver versus multiple caregivers within the same family. Future studies will test the feasibility and acceptability of CuidaTEXT among a diverse sample of Latinx caregivers, including variations in regional, linguistic, age, socioeconomic status, relationship to the individual with dementia, hearing functioning, and other important characteristics. This diverse representation will allow further intervention refinement, informed by qualitative analysis of SMS text messaging interactions and open-ended questions about their experiences using CuidaTEXT. If the future feasibility study is successful, we will conduct a fully powered randomized controlled trial to assess its efficacy.

Conclusions

This study describes the development of CuidaTEXT, the first tailored SMS text messaging intervention specifically designed to support family caregivers of individuals with dementia in the Latinx community. The prototype of CuidaTEXT has shown very high usability, addresses Latinx caregiver needs, and has the potential for widespread implementation. The findings from several stages of the user-centered design provide useful information to guide the development and refinement of caregiver support interventions for Latinx individuals and other groups. This information contributes to efforts to address dementia disparities among Latinx individuals and gaps in the implementation of caregiver support interventions for this sizable population. We will soon test the feasibility and acceptability of this promising intervention (CuidaTEXT) in a 1-arm trial among Latinx family caregivers of 20 individuals with dementia (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04316104).

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health under grants R21 AG065755, K01 MD014177, and P30 AG072973. All authors made substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work, interpretation of data for the work, and drafting and critically revising the work for important intellectual content. JPP thanks the national and local organizations that have partnered with him to conduct this and other research projects since 2015. JPP also thanks the research participants included in all stages of this research as well as anyone who has contributed directly and indirectly to this research.

Conflicts of Interest

None declared.

Multimedia Appendix 1

Sample usability testing interview.

DOCX File , 17 KB

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Edited by J Wang; submitted 10.12.21; peer-reviewed by D Marquez, B Davis, AKC Wong; comments to author 07.02.22; revised version received 17.02.22; accepted 14.03.22; published 28.04.22

Copyright

©Jaime Perales-Puchalt, Mariola Acosta-Rullán, Mariana Ramírez-Mantilla, Paul Espinoza-Kissell, Eric Vidoni, Michelle Niedens, Edward Ellerbeck, Ladson Hinton, Linda Loera, A Susana Ramírez, Esther Lara, Amber Watts, Kristine Williams, Jason Resendez, Jeffrey Burns. Originally published in JMIR Aging (https://aging.jmir.org), 28.04.2022.

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