e.g. mhealth
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Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) offers a powerful solution to this limitation by tracking real-time experiences within natural environments using smartphone-based assessments [44-47]. EMA studies have demonstrated that social and physical activities protect against depression [48] and that individuals with depression experience fewer positive daily events and social interactions, predicting lower well-being even a decade later [49].
JMIR Ment Health 2025;12:e74427
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Example of an ecological momentary assessment with Caring Contacts (“EMA with CC”) month (ie, months 1, 3, 4, 7, and 12) wherein a CC message is delivered within the EMA period.
Example of an ecological momentary assessment without Caring Contacts (“EMA without CC”) month (ie, months 2, 6, 9, and 11) wherein a CC message is delivered outside the EMA period.
Depending on whether they are assigned to a study group that includes EMAs throughout the year, participants may earn up to either US $180 or US $290.
JMIR Res Protoc 2025;14:e72140
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Knowing the importance of EMA engagement on cessation outcomes can help inform whether EMA participation should be incentivized when current and future smartphone cessation apps are disseminated to the public. Consideration about how or to what extent EMA participation has been encouraged in previous studies can help estimate the potential resources necessary if there is a need for continued incentivization of EMA engagement when apps with EMA are made available to the public.
J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e67630
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EMA initially used handwritten logs but has since evolved with technology to use automated logs in mobile devices leading to an increased use of EMA in the study of diseases affected by environmental exposures [17,18]. Our prior study, however, showed that its adoption in rhinology studies remains limited [19]. Furthermore, the advent of commercial air monitoring devices, such as the Awair system, presents an opportunity to supplement the EMA symptoms data with continuous home IAQ data [20].
JMIR Form Res 2025;9:e73215
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EMA has been implemented with adolescents as young as 9 years by using smartphone apps and SMS text messaging [8-10]. The advantages of EMA over retrospective assessments include a higher level of temporal detail that captures changes in real time, ecological validity, and reliability [7].
JMIR Form Res 2025;9:e60073
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However, most EMA studies on suicidality, as also EMA studies on day-to-day functioning of people with schizophrenia have been conducted in higher-income countries [21]. Furthermore, the available EMA studies have sampling periods typically lasting for ≤1 month [20], which is inadequate to inform the estimation of the evolution of SI during longer outpatient care periods in India, reducing the clinical use.
JMIR Form Res 2025;9:e67745
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Although the research community has acknowledged the importance of daily activities for well-being and health, EMA is rarely implemented. So far, time use is generally measured through paper-pencil diary methods [28], studies that examine time-use patterns using EMA are rare [22,29].
JMIR Form Res 2025;9:e67451
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Out of 3 self-report measures of PA (ie, EMA, GPAQ, and BAR) were completed according to the following timeline: EMA was completed on 1 weekday and 1 weekend day; GPAQ was completed on the first day before participants were provided with the waist sensor; BAR was completed daily between days 1 and 6 (Figure 1).
Design of a 7-day study. BAR: Bouchard’s physical activity record; EMA: ecological momentary assessment, GPAQ: global physical activity questionnaire.
J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e59878
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The relevance and validity of EMA data rely on the comparability with traditional methods of measurement (eg, surveys) and the overall adherence to the EMA protocol among participants. This study provides insight by directly comparing smoking-related measures collected through EMA and surveys. The nonsignificant paired difference found in this study contrasts with other similar studies that found large discrepancies between retrospective and EMA data [25,26].
JMIR Form Res 2025;9:e66709
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Data for the proximal effects of the MRT was acquired via ecological momentary assessment (EMA). That is when an eligible moment of NA or smoking was detected from sensor data, that moment was randomized to either deliver a mindfulness or motivational strategy or not. Motivational messages were included due to high desirability in previous m Health cessation studies [34-36].
JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2025;13:e55379
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