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To assess the health status of older adult participants, we used the 12-item Chinese Health Scale, which was developed by Cheng and Williams in 1986 [25] by translating the Goldberg General Health Questionnaire into Chinese. This scale consists of 12 Likert-type items that are scored from 3 (not at all) to 0 (more than usual). A sample item is “Feeling a headache or a sense of stress on the head?” The higher the score, the higher the level of general health.
J Med Internet Res 2020;22(11):e19002
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